As global gold prices hover near record highs, an increasing number of central banks are rethinking how and where they acquire the metal. Instead of sourcing gold through traditional international channels, many are turning inward—purchasing directly from domestic artisanal and small-scale miners. What began as…Read More

The origin of heavy elements such as gold has long remained one of the most captivating and unresolved questions in modern astrophysics. For decades, the prevailing view held that such elements are created exclusively during collisions between neutron stars—extraordinarily rare but immensely powerful cosmic events.…Read More

Indonesia, a sprawling archipelago of over 17,000 islands, holds a unique position in the global gold mining landscape. With vast mineral reserves and a spectrum of extraction practices—from advanced industrial operations to informal artisanal mining—the country stands at the intersection of opportunity and urgent environmental…Read More